pragma solidity >=0.4.0 <=0.6.0;
contract ExampleDapp {
string dapp_name; // state variable
// Called when the contract is deployed and initializes the value
constructor() public {
dapp_name = "My Example dapp";
}
// Get Function
function read_name() public view returns(string) {
return dapp_name;
}
// Set Function
function update_name(string value) public {
dapp_name = value;
}
}
// Specifies the version of Solidity, using semantic versioning.
// 了解更多:https://solidity.readthedocs.io/en/v0.5.10/layout-of-source-files.html#pragma
pragma solidity ^0.5.10;
// 定义合约名称 `HelloWorld`。
// 一个合约是函数和数据(其状态)的集合。
// 一旦部署,合约就会留在MAPO区块链的一个特定地址上。
// 了解更多: https://solidity.readthedocs.io/en/v0.5.10/structure-of-a-contract.html
contract HelloWorld {
// 定义`string`类型变量 `message`
// 状态变量是其值永久存储在合约存储中的变量。
// 关键字 `public` 使得可以从合约外部访问。
// 并创建了一个其它合约或客户端可以调用访问该值的函数。
string public message;
// 类似于很多基于类的面向对象语言,
// 构造函数是仅在合约创建时执行的特殊函数。
// 构造器用于初始化合约的数据。
// 了解更多:https://solidity.readthedocs.io/en/v0.5.10/contracts.html#constructors
constructor(string memory initMessage) public {
// 接受一个字符变量 `initMessage`
// 并为合约的存储变量`message` 赋值
message = initMessage;
}
// 一个 public 函数接受字符参数并更新存储变量 `message`
function update(string memory newMessage) public {
message = newMessage;
}
}
pragma solidity ^0.5.10;
// 从其它文件向当前合约中导入符号。
// 本例使用一系列来自 OpenZeppelin 的辅助合约。
// 了解更多:https://solidity.readthedocs.io/en/v0.5.10/layout-of-source-files.html#importing-other-source-files
import "../node_modules/@openzeppelin/contracts/token/ERC721/IERC721.sol";
import "../node_modules/@openzeppelin/contracts/token/ERC721/IERC721Receiver.sol";
import "../node_modules/@openzeppelin/contracts/introspection/ERC165.sol";
import "../node_modules/@openzeppelin/contracts/math/SafeMath.sol";
// `is` 关键字用于从其它外部合约继承函数和关键字。
// 本例中,`CryptoPizza` 继承 `IERC721` 和 `ERC165` 合约。
// 了解更多:https://solidity.readthedocs.io/en/v0.5.10/contracts.html#inheritance
contract CryptoPizza is IERC721, ERC165 {
// 使用 OpenZeppelin's SafeMath 库来安全执行算数操作。
// 了解更多:https://docs.openzeppelin.com/contracts/2.x/api/math#SafeMath
using SafeMath for uint256;
// Solidity 语言中的常量状态变量与其他语言类似。
// 但是必须用一个表达式为常量赋值,而这个表达式本身必须在编译时是一个常量。
// Learn more: https://solidity.readthedocs.io/en/v0.5.10/contracts.html#constant-state-variables
uint256 constant dnaDigits = 10;
uint256 constant dnaModulus = 10 ** dnaDigits;
bytes4 private constant _ERC721_RECEIVED = 0x150b7a02;
// Struct types let you define your own type
// Learn more: https://solidity.readthedocs.io/en/v0.5.10/types.html#structs
struct Pizza {
string name;
uint256 dna;
}
// Creates an empty array of Pizza structs
Pizza[] public pizzas;
// Mapping from pizza ID to its owner's address
mapping(uint256 => address) public pizzaToOwner;
// Mapping from owner's address to number of owned token
mapping(address => uint256) public ownerPizzaCount;
// Mapping from token ID to approved address
mapping(uint256 => address) pizzaApprovals;
// You can nest mappings, this example maps owner to operator approvals
mapping(address => mapping(address => bool)) private operatorApprovals;
// Internal function to create a random Pizza from string (name) and DNA
function _createPizza(string memory _name, uint256 _dna)
// The `internal` keyword means this function is only visible
// within this contract and contracts that derive this contract
// Learn more: https://solidity.readthedocs.io/en/v0.5.10/contracts.html#visibility-and-getters
internal
// `isUnique` is a function modifier that checks if the pizza already exists
// Learn more: https://solidity.readthedocs.io/en/v0.5.10/structure-of-a-contract.html#function-modifiers
isUnique(_name, _dna)
{
// Adds Pizza to array of Pizzas and get id
uint256 id = SafeMath.sub(pizzas.push(Pizza(_name, _dna)), 1);
// Checks that Pizza owner is the same as current user
// Learn more: https://solidity.readthedocs.io/en/v0.5.10/control-structures.html#error-handling-assert-require-revert-and-exceptions
// note that address(0) is the zero address,
// indicating that pizza[id] is not yet allocated to a particular user.
assert(pizzaToOwner[id] == address(0));
// Maps the Pizza to the owner
pizzaToOwner[id] = msg.sender;
ownerPizzaCount[msg.sender] = SafeMath.add(
ownerPizzaCount[msg.sender],
1
);
}
// Creates a random Pizza from string (name)
function createRandomPizza(string memory _name) public {
uint256 randDna = generateRandomDna(_name, msg.sender);
_createPizza(_name, randDna);
}
// Generates random DNA from string (name) and address of the owner (creator)
function generateRandomDna(string memory _str, address _owner)
public
// Functions marked as `pure` promise not to read from or modify the state
// Learn more: https://solidity.readthedocs.io/en/v0.5.10/contracts.html#pure-functions
pure
returns (uint256)
{
// Generates random uint from string (name) + address (owner)
uint256 rand = uint256(keccak256(abi.encodePacked(_str))) +
uint256(_owner);
rand = rand % dnaModulus;
return rand;
}
// Returns array of Pizzas found by owner
function getPizzasByOwner(address _owner)
public
// Functions marked as `view` promise not to modify state
// Learn more: https://solidity.readthedocs.io/en/v0.5.10/contracts.html#view-functions
view
returns (uint256[] memory)
{
// Uses the `memory` storage location to store values only for the
// lifecycle of this function call.
// 了解更多:https://solidity.readthedocs.io/en/v0.5.10/introduction-to-smart-contracts.html#storage-memory-and-the-stack
uint256[] memory result = new uint256[](ownerPizzaCount[_owner]);
uint256 counter = 0;
for (uint256 i = 0; i < pizzas.length; i++) {
if (pizzaToOwner[i] == _owner) {
result[counter] = i;
counter++;
}
}
return result;
}
// 转移 Pizza 和归属关系到其它地址
function transferFrom(address _from, address _to, uint256 _pizzaId) public {
require(_from != address(0) && _to != address(0), "Invalid address.");
require(_exists(_pizzaId), "Pizza does not exist.");
require(_from != _to, "Cannot transfer to the same address.");
require(_isApprovedOrOwner(msg.sender, _pizzaId), "Address is not approved.");
ownerPizzaCount[_to] = SafeMath.add(ownerPizzaCount[_to], 1);
ownerPizzaCount[_from] = SafeMath.sub(ownerPizzaCount[_from], 1);
pizzaToOwner[_pizzaId] = _to;
// 触发继承自 IERC721 合约中定义的事件。
emit Transfer(_from, _to, _pizzaId);
_clearApproval(_to, _pizzaId);
}
/**
* 安全转账给定代币 ID 的所有权到其它地址
* 如果目标地址是一个合约,则该合约必须实现 `onERC721Received`函数,
* 该函数调用了安全转账并且返回一个 magic value。
* `bytes4(keccak256("onERC721Received(address,address,uint256,bytes)"))`;
* 否则,转账被回退。
*/
function safeTransferFrom(address from, address to, uint256 pizzaId)
public
{
// solium-disable-next-line arg-overflow
this.safeTransferFrom(from, to, pizzaId, "");
}
/**
* 安全转账给定代币 ID 所有权到其它地址
* 如果目标地址是一个合约,则该合约必须实现 `onERC721Received` 函数,
* 该函数调用安全转账并返回一个 magic value
* `bytes4(keccak256("onERC721Received(address,address,uint256,bytes)"))`;
* 否则,转账被回退。
*/
function safeTransferFrom(
address from,
address to,
uint256 pizzaId,
bytes memory _data
) public {
this.transferFrom(from, to, pizzaId);
require(_checkOnERC721Received(from, to, pizzaId, _data), "Must implement onERC721Received.");
}
/**
* Internal function to invoke `onERC721Received` on a target address
* The call is not executed if the target address is not a contract
*/
function _checkOnERC721Received(
address from,
address to,
uint256 pizzaId,
bytes memory _data
) internal returns (bool) {
if (!isContract(to)) {
return true;
}
bytes4 retval = IERC721Receiver(to).onERC721Received(
msg.sender,
from,
pizzaId,
_data
);
return (retval == _ERC721_RECEIVED);
}
// Burns a Pizza - destroys Token completely
// The `external` function modifier means this function is
// part of the contract interface and other contracts can call it
function burn(uint256 _pizzaId) external {
require(msg.sender != address(0), "Invalid address.");
require(_exists(_pizzaId), "Pizza does not exist.");
require(_isApprovedOrOwner(msg.sender, _pizzaId), "Address is not approved.");
ownerPizzaCount[msg.sender] = SafeMath.sub(
ownerPizzaCount[msg.sender],
1
);
pizzaToOwner[_pizzaId] = address(0);
}
// Returns count of Pizzas by address
function balanceOf(address _owner) public view returns (uint256 _balance) {
return ownerPizzaCount[_owner];
}
// Returns owner of the Pizza found by id
function ownerOf(uint256 _pizzaId) public view returns (address _owner) {
address owner = pizzaToOwner[_pizzaId];
require(owner != address(0), "Invalid Pizza ID.");
return owner;
}
// Approves other address to transfer ownership of Pizza
function approve(address _to, uint256 _pizzaId) public {
require(msg.sender == pizzaToOwner[_pizzaId], "Must be the Pizza owner.");
pizzaApprovals[_pizzaId] = _to;
emit Approval(msg.sender, _to, _pizzaId);
}
// Returns approved address for specific Pizza
function getApproved(uint256 _pizzaId)
public
view
returns (address operator)
{
require(_exists(_pizzaId), "Pizza does not exist.");
return pizzaApprovals[_pizzaId];
}
/**
* Private function to clear current approval of a given token ID
* Reverts if the given address is not indeed the owner of the token
*/
function _clearApproval(address owner, uint256 _pizzaId) private {
require(pizzaToOwner[_pizzaId] == owner, "Must be pizza owner.");
require(_exists(_pizzaId), "Pizza does not exist.");
if (pizzaApprovals[_pizzaId] != address(0)) {
pizzaApprovals[_pizzaId] = address(0);
}
}
/*
* Sets or unsets the approval of a given operator
* An operator is allowed to transfer all tokens of the sender on their behalf
*/
function setApprovalForAll(address to, bool approved) public {
require(to != msg.sender, "Cannot approve own address");
operatorApprovals[msg.sender][to] = approved;
emit ApprovalForAll(msg.sender, to, approved);
}
// Tells whether an operator is approved by a given owner
function isApprovedForAll(address owner, address operator)
public
view
returns (bool)
{
return operatorApprovals[owner][operator];
}
// Takes ownership of Pizza - only for approved users
function takeOwnership(uint256 _pizzaId) public {
require(_isApprovedOrOwner(msg.sender, _pizzaId), "Address is not approved.");
address owner = this.ownerOf(_pizzaId);
this.transferFrom(owner, msg.sender, _pizzaId);
}
// Checks if Pizza exists
function _exists(uint256 pizzaId) internal view returns (bool) {
address owner = pizzaToOwner[pizzaId];
return owner != address(0);
}
// Checks if address is owner or is approved to transfer Pizza
function _isApprovedOrOwner(address spender, uint256 pizzaId)
internal
view
returns (bool)
{
address owner = pizzaToOwner[pizzaId];
// Disable solium check because of
// https://github.com/duaraghav8/Solium/issues/175
// solium-disable-next-line operator-whitespace
return (spender == owner ||
this.getApproved(pizzaId) == spender ||
this.isApprovedForAll(owner, spender));
}
// Check if Pizza is unique and doesn't exist yet
modifier isUnique(string memory _name, uint256 _dna) {
bool result = true;
for (uint256 i = 0; i < pizzas.length; i++) {
if (
keccak256(abi.encodePacked(pizzas[i].name)) ==
keccak256(abi.encodePacked(_name)) &&
pizzas[i].dna == _dna
) {
result = false;
}
}
require(result, "Pizza with such name already exists.");
_;
}
// Returns whether the target address is a contract
function isContract(address account) internal view returns (bool) {
uint256 size;
// Currently there is no better way to check if there is a contract in an address
// than to check the size of the code at that address.
// See https://ethereum.stackexchange.com/a/14016/36603
// for more details about how this works.
// TODO Check this again before the Serenity release, because all addresses will be
// contracts then.
// solium-disable-next-line security/no-inline-assembly
assembly {
size := extcodesize(account)
}
return size > 0;
}
}